Source code for stonesoup.measures

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from abc import abstractmethod

import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial import distance

from .base import Base, Property


[docs]class Measure(Base): """Measure base type A measure provides a means to assess the seperation between two :class:`~.State` objects state1 and state2. """ mapping: np.ndarray = Property( default=None, doc="Mapping array which specifies which elements within the" " state vectors are to be assessed as part of the measure" ) mapping2: np.ndarray = Property( default=None, doc="A second mapping for when the states being compared exist " "in different parameter spaces. Defaults to the same as the" " first mapping" )
[docs] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) if self.mapping2 is not None and self.mapping is None: raise ValueError("Cannot set mapping2 if mapping is None. " "If this is really what you meant to do, then" " set mapping to include all dimensions.") if self.mapping2 is None and self.mapping is not None: self.mapping2 = self.mapping
[docs] @abstractmethod def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Compute the distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float distance measure between a pair of input :class:`~.State` objects """ return NotImplementedError
[docs]class Euclidean(Measure): r"""Euclidean distance measure This measure returns the Euclidean distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects. The Euclidean distance between a pair of state vectors :math:`u` and :math:`v` is defined as: .. math:: \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{(u_i - v_i)^2}} """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the Euclidean distance between a pair of state vectors Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float Euclidean distance between two input :class:`~.State` """ # Calculate Euclidean distance between two state if self.mapping is not None: return distance.euclidean(state1.state_vector[self.mapping, :], state2.state_vector[self.mapping2, :]) else: return distance.euclidean(state1.state_vector, state2.state_vector)
[docs]class EuclideanWeighted(Measure): r"""Weighted Euclidean distance measure This measure returns the Euclidean distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects, taking into account a specified weighting. The Weighted Euclidean distance between a pair of state vectors :math:`u` and :math:`v` with weighting :math:`w` is defined as: .. math:: \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{w_i|(u_i - v_i)^2}} Note ---- The EuclideanWeighted object has a property called weighting, which allows the method to be called on different pairs of states. If different weightings need to be used then multiple :class:`Measure` objects must be created with the specific weighting """ weighting: np.ndarray = Property(doc="Weighting vector for the Euclidean calculation")
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the weighted Euclidean distance between a pair of state objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- dist : float Weighted euclidean distance between two input :class:`~.State` objects """ if self.mapping is not None: return distance.euclidean(state1.state_vector[self.mapping, :], state2.state_vector[self.mapping2, :], self.weighting) else: return distance.euclidean(state1.state_vector, state2.state_vector, self.weighting)
[docs]class Mahalanobis(Measure): r"""Mahalanobis distance measure This measure returns the Mahalanobis distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects taking into account the distribution (i.e. the :class:`~.CovarianceMatrix`) of the first :class:`.State` object The Mahalanobis distance between a distribution with mean :math:`\mu` and Covariance matrix :math:`\Sigma` and a point :math:`x` is defined as: .. math:: \sqrt{( {\mu - x}) \Sigma^{-1} ({\mu - x}^T )} """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the Mahalanobis distance between a pair of state objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float Mahalanobis distance between a pair of input :class:`~.State` objects """ if self.mapping is not None: u = state1.state_vector[self.mapping, :] v = state2.state_vector[self.mapping2, :] # extract the mapped covariance data rows = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) columns = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) cov = state1.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] else: u = state1.state_vector v = state2.state_vector cov = state1.covar vi = np.linalg.inv(cov) return distance.mahalanobis(u, v, vi)
[docs]class SquaredGaussianHellinger(Measure): r"""Squared Gaussian Hellinger distance measure This measure returns the Squared Hellinger distance between a pair of :class:`~.GaussianState` multivariate objects. The Squared Hellinger distance between two multivariate normal distributions :math:`P \sim N(\mu_1,\Sigma_1)` and :math:`Q \sim N(\mu_2,\Sigma_2)` is defined as: .. math:: H^{2}(P, Q) &= 1 - {\frac{\det(\Sigma_1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\det(\Sigma_2)^{\frac{1}{4}}} {\det\left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{8}(\mu_1-\mu_2)^T \left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{-1}(\mu_1-\mu_2)\right)\\ &\equiv 1 - \sqrt{\frac{\det(\Sigma_1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\det(\Sigma_2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} {\det\left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{8}(\mu_1-\mu_2)^T \left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{-1}(\mu_1-\mu_2)\right) Note ---- This distance is bounded between 0 and 1 """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Calculate the Squared Hellinger distance multivariate normal distributions Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.GaussianState` state2 : :class:`~.GaussianState` Returns ------- float Squared Hellinger distance between two input :class:`~.GaussianState` """ if self.mapping is not None: mu1 = state1.state_vector[self.mapping, :] mu2 = state2.state_vector[self.mapping2, :] # extract the mapped covariance data rows = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) columns = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) sigma1 = state1.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] sigma2 = state2.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] else: mu1 = state1.state_vector mu2 = state2.state_vector sigma1 = state1.covar sigma2 = state2.covar sigma1_plus_sigma2 = sigma1 + sigma2 mu1_minus_mu2 = mu1 - mu2 E = mu1_minus_mu2.T @ np.linalg.inv(sigma1_plus_sigma2/2) @ mu1_minus_mu2 epsilon = -0.125*E numerator = np.sqrt(np.linalg.det(sigma1 @ sigma2)) denominator = np.linalg.det(sigma1_plus_sigma2/2) squared_hellinger = 1 - np.sqrt(numerator/denominator)*np.exp(epsilon) squared_hellinger = squared_hellinger.item() return squared_hellinger
[docs]class GaussianHellinger(SquaredGaussianHellinger): r"""Gaussian Hellinger distance measure This measure returns the Hellinger distance between a pair of :class:`~.GaussianState` multivariate objects. The Hellinger distance between two multivariate normal distributions :math:`P \sim N(\mu_1,\Sigma_1)` and :math:`Q \sim N(\mu_2,\Sigma_2)` is defined as: .. math:: H(P,Q) = \sqrt{1 - {\frac{\det(\Sigma_1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\det(\Sigma_2)^{\frac{1}{4}}} {\det\left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{8}(\mu_1-\mu_2)^T \left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{-1}(\mu_1-\mu_2)\right)} Note ---- This distance is bounded between 0 and 1 """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Calculate the Hellinger distance between 2 state elements Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.GaussianState` state2 : :class:`~.GaussianState` Returns ------- float Hellinger distance between two input :class:`~.GaussianState` """ return np.sqrt(super().__call__(state1, state2))