Measurement Models¶
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.base.MeasurementModel(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int])[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.base.Model
,abc.ABC
Measurement Model base class
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dims
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- abstract property ndim_meas: int¶
Number of measurement dimensions
Linear¶
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.linear.LinearGaussian(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.base.MeasurementModel
,stonesoup.models.base.LinearModel
,stonesoup.models.base.GaussianModel
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant 1D Linear-Gaussian Measurement Model.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[y_t = H_k*x_t + v_k,\ \ \ \ v(k)\sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]where
H_k
is a (ndim_meas
,ndim_state
) matrix andv_k
is Gaussian distributed.- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generation
- noise_covar: stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- property ndim_meas¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- matrix(**kwargs)[source]¶
Model matrix \(H(t)\)
- Returns
The model matrix evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_state
)
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs)[source]¶
Model function \(h(t,x(t),w(t))\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input statenoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_meas
, 1)
- covar(**kwargs)[source]¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rvs(num_samples: int = 1, random_state=None, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
NonLinear¶
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CombinedReversibleGaussianMeasurementModel(model_list: Sequence[GaussianModel], seed: Optional[int] = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.base.ReversibleModel
,stonesoup.models.base.GaussianModel
,stonesoup.models.measurement.base.MeasurementModel
Combine multiple models into a single model by stacking them.
The assumption is that all models are Gaussian, and must be combination of
LinearModel
andNonLinearModel
models. They must all expect the same dimension state vector (i.e. have the samendim_state
), using model mapping as appropriate.This also implements the
inverse_function()
, but will raise aNotImplementedError
if any model isn’t either aLinearModel
orReversibleModel
.- Parameters
model_list (
Sequence[GaussianModel]
) – List of Measurement Models.seed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generation
- model_list: Sequence[stonesoup.models.base.GaussianModel]¶
List of Measurement Models.
- property ndim_state: int¶
Number of state dimensions
- property ndim_meas: int¶
Number of measurement dimensions
- property mapping¶
Mapping between measurement and state dims
- function(state, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Model function \(f_k(x(k),w(k))\)
- Parameters
state (State) – An input state
noise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is used)
- Returns
The StateVector(s) with the model function evaluated.
- Return type
StateVector
orStateVectors
- inverse_function(detection, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Takes in the result of the function and computes the inverse function, returning the initial input of the function.
- Parameters
detection (
Detection
) – Input state (non-linear format)- Returns
The linear co-ordinates
- Return type
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix[source]¶
Model covariance
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.base.MeasurementModel
,stonesoup.models.base.NonLinearModel
,stonesoup.models.base.GaussianModel
,abc.ABC
This class combines the MeasurementModel, NonLinearModel and GaussianModel classes. It is not meant to be instantiated directly but subclasses should be derived from this class.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- noise_covar: stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- rotation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix[source]¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- abstract function(state: State, noise: Union[bool, numpy.ndarray] = False, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors]¶
Model function \(f_k(x(k),w(k))\)
- Parameters
state (State) – An input state
noise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is used)
- Returns
The StateVector(s) with the model function evaluated.
- Return type
StateVector
orStateVectors
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- abstract property ndim_meas: int¶
Number of measurement dimensions
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rvs(num_samples: int = 1, random_state=None, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CartesianToElevationBearingRange(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement
,stonesoup.models.base.ReversibleModel
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be received in the form of bearing (\(\phi\)), elevation (\(\theta\)) and range (\(r\)), with Gaussian noise in each dimension.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\vec{y}_t = h(\vec{x}_t, \vec{v}_t)\]where:
\(\vec{y}_t\) is a measurement vector of the form:
\[\begin{split}\vec{y}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \theta \\ \phi \\ r \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[\begin{split}h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t) = \begin{bmatrix} asin(\mathcal{z}/\sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 +\mathcal{z}^2}) \\ atan2(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) \\ \sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 + \mathcal{z}^2} \end{bmatrix} + \vec{v}_t\end{split}\]\(\vec{v}_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[\vec{v}_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]\[\begin{split}R = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{\theta}^2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_{\phi}^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_{r}^2 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 3 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
), second (i.e.mapping[1]
) and third (i.e.mapping[2
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\) coordinates, respectively.Note
The current implementation of this class assumes a 3D Cartesian plane.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the Cartesian origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- translation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the Cartesian origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas: int¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input statenoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_state
, 1)
- inverse_function(detection, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Takes in the result of the function and computes the inverse function, returning the initial input of the function.
- Parameters
detection (
Detection
) – Input state (non-linear format)- Returns
The linear co-ordinates
- Return type
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CartesianToBearingRange(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement
,stonesoup.models.base.ReversibleModel
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be received in the form of bearing (\(\phi\)) and range (\(r\)), with Gaussian noise in each dimension.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\vec{y}_t = h(\vec{x}_t, \vec{v}_t)\]where:
\(\vec{y}_t\) is a measurement vector of the form:
\[\begin{split}\vec{y}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \phi \\ r \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[\begin{split}h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t) = \begin{bmatrix} atan2(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) \\ \sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2} \end{bmatrix} + \vec{v}_t\end{split}\]\(\vec{v}_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[\vec{v}_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]\[\begin{split}R = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{\phi}^2 & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_{r}^2 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 2 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
) and second (i.e.mapping[0]
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\) and \(y\) coordinates, respectively.Note
The current implementation of this class assumes a 2D Cartesian plane.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 2x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y\) coordinates.
- translation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 2x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas: int¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- inverse_function(detection, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Takes in the result of the function and computes the inverse function, returning the initial input of the function.
- Parameters
detection (
Detection
) – Input state (non-linear format)- Returns
The linear co-ordinates
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input statenoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_meas
, 1)
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CartesianToElevationBearing(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be received in the form of bearing (\(\phi\)) and elevation (\(\theta\)) and with Gaussian noise in each dimension.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\vec{y}_t = h(\vec{x}_t, \vec{v}_t)\]where:
\(\vec{y}_t\) is a measurement vector of the form:
\[\begin{split}\vec{y}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \theta \\ \phi \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[\begin{split}h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t) = \begin{bmatrix} asin(\mathcal{z}/\sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 +\mathcal{z}^2}) \\ atan2(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) \\ \end{bmatrix} + \vec{v}_t\end{split}\]\(\vec{v}_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[\vec{v}_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]\[\begin{split}R = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{\theta}^2 & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_{\phi}^2\\ \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 3 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
), second (i.e.mapping[1]
) and third (i.e.mapping[2]
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\) coordinates, respectively.Note
The current implementation of this class assumes a 3D Cartesian plane.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- translation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas: int¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input statenoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_state
, 1)
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.Cartesian2DToBearing(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be received in the form of bearing (\(\phi\)) with Gaussian noise.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\phi_t = h(\vec{x}_t, v_t)\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[h(\vec{x}_t,v_t) = atan2(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) + v_t\]\(v_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_{\phi}^2)\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 2 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
) and second (i.e.mapping[1]
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\) and \(y\) coordinates, respectively.- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 2x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y\) coordinates.
- translation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 2x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs)[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,v_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input statenoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added. If ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_state
, 1)
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CartesianToBearingRangeRate(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None, velocity_mapping: Tuple[int, int, int] = (1, 3, 5), velocity: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be received in the form of bearing (\(\phi\)), range (\(r\)) and range-rate (\(\dot{r}\)), with Gaussian noise in each dimension.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\vec{y}_t = h(\vec{x}_t, \vec{v}_t)\]where:
\(\vec{y}_t\) is a measurement vector of the form:
\[\begin{split}\vec{y}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \phi \\ r \\ \dot{r} \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[\begin{split}h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t) = \begin{bmatrix} atan2(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) \\ \sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2} \\ (x\dot{x} + y\dot{y})/\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \end{bmatrix} + \vec{v}_t\end{split}\]\(\vec{v}_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[\vec{v}_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]\[\begin{split}R = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{\phi}^2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \sigma_{r}^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_{\dot{r}}^2 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 3 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
), second (i.e.mapping[1]
) and third (i.e.mapping[2]
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\) coordinates, respectively.Note
This class implementation assuming at 3D cartesian space, it therefore expects a 6D state space.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y\) coordinates.velocity_mapping (
Tuple[int, int, int]
, optional) – Mapping to the targets velocity within its state spacevelocity (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the sensor velocity in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- translation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y\) coordinates.
- velocity: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the sensor velocity in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas: int¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input statenoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_state
, 1)
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CartesianToElevationBearingRangeRate(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None, velocity_mapping: Tuple[int, int, int] = (1, 3, 5), velocity: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.NonLinearGaussianMeasurement
,stonesoup.models.base.ReversibleModel
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be received in the form of elevation (\(\theta\)), bearing (\(\phi\)), range (\(r\)) and range-rate (\(\dot{r}\)), with Gaussian noise in each dimension.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\vec{y}_t = h(\vec{x}_t, \vec{v}_t)\]where:
\(\vec{y}_t\) is a measurement vector of the form:
\[\begin{split}\vec{y}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \theta \\ \phi \\ r \\ \dot{r} \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[\begin{split}h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t) = \begin{bmatrix} asin(\mathcal{z}/\sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 +\mathcal{z}^2}) \\ atan2(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) \\ \sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 + \mathcal{z}^2} \\ (x\dot{x} + y\dot{y} + z\dot{z})/\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2} \end{bmatrix} + \vec{v}_t\end{split}\]\(\vec{v}_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[\vec{v}_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]\[\begin{split}R = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{\theta}^2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \sigma_{\phi}^2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_{r}^2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \sigma_{\dot{r}}^2 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 3 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
), second (i.e.mapping[1]
) and third (i.e.mapping[2]
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\) coordinates, respectively.Note
This class implementation assuming at 3D cartesian space, it therefore expects a 6D state space.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covarianceseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.velocity_mapping (
Tuple[int, int, int]
, optional) – Mapping to the targets velocity within its state spacevelocity (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the sensor velocity in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- translation_offset: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- velocity: stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the sensor velocity in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas: int¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
StateVector
) – An input state vector for the targetnoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default is False, in which case no noise will be added if ‘True’, the output ofrvs()
is added)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_state
, 1)
- inverse_function(detection, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector[source]¶
Takes in the result of the function and computes the inverse function, returning the initial input of the function.
- Parameters
detection (
Detection
) – Input state (non-linear format)- Returns
The linear co-ordinates
- Return type
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- pdf(state1: State, state2: State, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.numeric.Probability, numpy.ndarray]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
Probability
orndarray
ofProbability
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors][source]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- class stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.RangeRangeRateBinning(ndim_state: int, mapping: Sequence[int], noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix, range_res: float, range_rate_res: float, seed: Optional[int] = None, rotation_offset: StateVector = None, translation_offset: StateVector = None, velocity_mapping: Tuple[int, int, int] = (1, 3, 5), velocity: StateVector = None)[source]¶
Bases:
stonesoup.models.measurement.nonlinear.CartesianToElevationBearingRangeRate
This is a class implementation of a time-invariant measurement model, where measurements are assumed to be in the form of elevation (\(\theta\)), bearing (\(\phi\)), range (\(r\)) and range-rate (\(\dot{r}\)), with Gaussian noise in each dimension and the range and range-rate are binned based on the range resolution and range-rate resolution respectively.
The model is described by the following equations:
\[\vec{y}_t = h(\vec{x}_t, \vec{v}_t)\]where:
\(\vec{y}_t\) is a measurement vector of the form:
\[\begin{split}\vec{y}_t = \begin{bmatrix} \theta \\ \phi \\ r \\ \dot{r} \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]\(h\) is a non-linear model function of the form:
\[\begin{split}h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t) = \begin{bmatrix} \textrm{asin}(\mathcal{z}/\sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 +\mathcal{z}^2}) \\ \textrm{atan2}(\mathcal{y},\mathcal{x}) \\ \sqrt{\mathcal{x}^2 + \mathcal{y}^2 + \mathcal{z}^2} \\ (x\dot{x} + y\dot{y} + z\dot{z})/\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2} \end{bmatrix} + \vec{v}_t\end{split}\]\(\vec{v}_t\) is Gaussian distributed with covariance \(R\), i.e.:
\[\vec{v}_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,R)\]\[\begin{split}R = \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{\theta}^2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \sigma_{\phi}^2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_{r}^2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \sigma_{\dot{r}}^2 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]The covariances for radar are determined by different factors. The angle error is affected by the radar beam width. Range error is affected by the SNR and pulse bandwidth. The error for the range rate is dependent on the dwell time. The range and range rate are binned to the centre of the cell using
\[x = \textrm{floor}(x/\Delta x)*\Delta x + \frac{\Delta x}{2}\]The
mapping
property of the model is a 3 element vector, whose first (i.e.mapping[0]
), second (i.e.mapping[1]
) and third (i.e.mapping[2]
) elements contain the state index of the \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\) coordinates, respectively.The
velocity_mapping
property of the model is a 3 element vector, whose first (i.e.velocity_mapping[0]
), second (i.e.velocity_mapping[1]
) and third (i.e.velocity_mapping[2]
) elements contain the state index of the \(\dot{x}\), \(\dot{y}\) and \(\dot{z}\) coordinates, respectively.Note
This class implementation assumes a 3D cartesian space, it therefore expects a 6D state space.
- Parameters
ndim_state (
int
) – Number of state dimensionsmapping (
Sequence[int]
) – Mapping between measurement and state dimsnoise_covar (
CovarianceMatrix
) – Noise covariancerange_res (
float
) – Size of the range bins in mrange_rate_res (
float
) – Size of the velocity bins in m/sseed (
Union[int, NoneType]
, optional) – Seed for random number generationrotation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.translation_offset (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.velocity_mapping (
Tuple[int, int, int]
, optional) – Mapping to the targets velocity within its state spacevelocity (
StateVector
, optional) – A 3x1 array specifying the sensor velocity in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- covar(**kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.CovarianceMatrix¶
Returns the measurement model noise covariance matrix.
- Returns
The measurement noise covariance.
- Return type
CovarianceMatrix
of shape (ndim_meas
,ndim_meas
)
- inverse_function(detection, **kwargs) → stonesoup.types.array.StateVector¶
Takes in the result of the function and computes the inverse function, returning the initial input of the function.
- Parameters
detection (
Detection
) – Input state (non-linear format)- Returns
The linear co-ordinates
- Return type
- jacobian(state: State, **kwargs) → numpy.ndarray¶
Model Jacobian matrix \(H_{jac}\)
- Parameters
state (
State
) – An input state- Returns
:class:`numpy.ndarray` of shape (attr – The model Jacobian matrix evaluated around the given state vector.
- Return type
~ndim_meas,
ndim_state
)
- property ndim: int¶
Number of dimensions of model
- noise_covar: CovarianceMatrix¶
Noise covariance
- rotation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array of angles (rad), specifying the clockwise rotation around each Cartesian axis in the order \(x,y,z\). The rotation angles are positive if the rotation is in the counter-clockwise direction when viewed by an observer looking along the respective rotation axis, towards the origin.
- rvs(num_samples=1, **kwargs) → Union[stonesoup.types.array.StateVector, stonesoup.types.array.StateVectors]¶
Model noise/sample generation function
Generates noise samples from the model.
In mathematical terms, this can be written as:
\[v_t \sim \mathcal{N}(0,Q)\]where \(v_t =\)
noise
and \(Q\) =covar
.- Parameters
num_samples (scalar, optional) – The number of samples to be generated (the default is 1)
- Returns
noise – A set of Np samples, generated from the model’s noise distribution.
- Return type
2-D array of shape (
ndim
,num_samples
)
- translation_offset: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the origin offset in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- velocity: StateVector¶
A 3x1 array specifying the sensor velocity in terms of \(x,y,z\) coordinates.
- property ndim_meas¶
ndim_meas getter method
- Returns
The number of measurement dimensions
- Return type
- function(state, noise=False, **kwargs)[source]¶
Model function \(h(\vec{x}_t,\vec{v}_t)\)
- Parameters
state (
StateVector
) – An input state vector for the targetnoise (
numpy.ndarray
or bool) – An externally generated random process noise sample (the default isFalse
, in which case no noise will be added and no binning takes place ifTrue
, the output ofrvs
is added and the range and range rate are binned)
- Returns
The model function evaluated given the provided time interval.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
of shape (ndim_state
, 1)
- pdf(state1, state2, **kwargs)[source]¶
Model pdf/likelihood evaluation function
Evaluates the pdf/likelihood of
state1
, given the statestate2
which is passed tofunction()
.For the first 2 dimensions, this can be written as:
\[p = p(y_t | x_t) = \mathcal{N}(y_t; x_t, Q)\]- where \(y_t\) =
state_vector1
, \(x_t\) =state_vector2
, \(Q\) =
covar
and \(\mathcal{N}\) is a normal distribution
The probability for the binned dimensions, the last 2, can be written as:
\[p = P(a \leq \mathcal{N} \leq b)\]In this equation a and b are the edges of the bin.
- Parameters
- Returns
The likelihood of
state1
, givenstate2
- Return type
- where \(y_t\) =