Source code for stonesoup.measures.state

import copy
from abc import abstractmethod
from functools import lru_cache

import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial import distance

from .base import BaseMeasure
from ..base import Property
from ..types.state import State, ParticleState, GaussianState


[docs] class Measure(BaseMeasure): """Measure base type A measure provides a means to assess the separation between two :class:`~.State` objects state1 and state2. """ mapping: np.ndarray = Property( default=None, doc="Mapping array which specifies which elements within the" " state vectors are to be assessed as part of the measure" ) mapping2: np.ndarray = Property( default=None, doc="A second mapping for when the states being compared exist " "in different parameter spaces. Defaults to the same as the" " first mapping" )
[docs] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) if self.mapping2 is not None and self.mapping is None: raise ValueError("Cannot set mapping2 if mapping is None. " "If this is really what you meant to do, then" " set mapping to include all dimensions.") if self.mapping2 is None and self.mapping is not None: self.mapping2 = self.mapping
[docs] @abstractmethod def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Compute the distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float distance measure between a pair of input :class:`~.State` objects """ raise NotImplementedError
[docs] class Euclidean(Measure): r"""Euclidean distance measure This measure returns the Euclidean distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects. The Euclidean distance between a pair of state vectors :math:`u` and :math:`v` is defined as: .. math:: \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{(u_i - v_i)^2}} """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the Euclidean distance between a pair of state vectors Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float Euclidean distance between two input :class:`~.State` """ # Calculate Euclidean distance between two state state_vector1 = getattr(state1, 'mean', state1.state_vector) state_vector2 = getattr(state2, 'mean', state2.state_vector) if self.mapping is not None: return distance.euclidean(state_vector1[self.mapping, 0], state_vector2[self.mapping2, 0]) else: return distance.euclidean(state_vector1[:, 0], state_vector2[:, 0])
[docs] class EuclideanWeighted(Measure): r"""Weighted Euclidean distance measure This measure returns the Euclidean distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects, taking into account a specified weighting. The Weighted Euclidean distance between a pair of state vectors :math:`u` and :math:`v` with weighting :math:`w` is defined as: .. math:: \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{w_i|(u_i - v_i)^2}} Note ---- The EuclideanWeighted object has a property called weighting, which allows the method to be called on different pairs of states. If different weightings need to be used then multiple :class:`Measure` objects must be created with the specific weighting """ weighting: np.ndarray = Property(doc="Weighting vector for the Euclidean calculation")
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the weighted Euclidean distance between a pair of state objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- dist : float Weighted Euclidean distance between two input :class:`~.State` objects """ state_vector1 = getattr(state1, 'mean', state1.state_vector) state_vector2 = getattr(state2, 'mean', state2.state_vector) if self.mapping is not None: return distance.euclidean(state_vector1[self.mapping, 0], state_vector2[self.mapping2, 0], self.weighting) else: return distance.euclidean(state_vector1[:, 0], state_vector2[:, 0], self.weighting)
[docs] class SquaredMahalanobis(Measure): r"""Squared Mahalanobis distance measure This measure returns the Squared Mahalanobis distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects taking into account the distribution (i.e. the :class:`~.CovarianceMatrix`) of the first :class:`.State` object The Squared Mahalanobis distance between a distribution with mean :math:`\mu` and Covariance matrix :math:`\Sigma` and a point :math:`x` is defined as: .. math:: ( {\mu - x}) \Sigma^{-1} ({\mu - x}^T ) """ state_covar_inv_cache_size: int = Property( default=128, doc="Number of covariance matrix inversions to cache. Setting to `0` will disable the " "cache, whilst setting to `None` will not limit the size of the cache. Default is " "128.")
[docs] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) if self.state_covar_inv_cache_size is None or self.state_covar_inv_cache_size > 0: self._inv_cov = lru_cache(maxsize=self.state_covar_inv_cache_size)(self._inv_cov)
[docs] def __getstate__(self): result = copy.copy(self.__dict__) result["_inv_cov"] = None return result
def __setstate__(self, state): self.__dict__ = state if self.state_covar_inv_cache_size is None or self.state_covar_inv_cache_size > 0: self._inv_cov = lru_cache(maxsize=self.state_covar_inv_cache_size)(type(self)._inv_cov) else: self._inv_cov = type(self)._inv_cov
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the Squared Mahalanobis distance between a pair of state objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float Squared Mahalanobis distance between a pair of input :class:`~.State` objects """ state_vector1 = getattr(state1, 'mean', state1.state_vector) state_vector2 = getattr(state2, 'mean', state2.state_vector) if self.mapping is not None: u = state_vector1[self.mapping, 0] v = state_vector2[self.mapping2, 0] # extract the mapped covariance data vi = self._inv_cov(state1, tuple(self.mapping)) else: u = state_vector1[:, 0] v = state_vector2[:, 0] vi = self._inv_cov(state1) delta = u - v return np.dot(np.dot(delta, vi), delta)
@staticmethod def _inv_cov(state, mapping=None): if mapping: rows = np.array(mapping, dtype=np.intp) columns = np.array(mapping, dtype=np.intp) covar = state.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] else: covar = state.covar return np.linalg.pinv(covar)
[docs] class Mahalanobis(SquaredMahalanobis): r"""Mahalanobis distance measure This measure returns the Mahalanobis distance between a pair of :class:`~.State` objects taking into account the distribution (i.e. the :class:`~.CovarianceMatrix`) of the first :class:`.State` object The Mahalanobis distance between a distribution with mean :math:`\mu` and Covariance matrix :math:`\Sigma` and a point :math:`x` is defined as: .. math:: \sqrt{( {\mu - x}) \Sigma^{-1} ({\mu - x}^T )} """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r"""Calculate the Mahalanobis distance between a pair of state objects Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.State` state2 : :class:`~.State` Returns ------- float Mahalanobis distance between a pair of input :class:`~.State` objects """ return np.sqrt(super().__call__(state1, state2))
[docs] class SquaredGaussianHellinger(Measure): r"""Squared Gaussian Hellinger distance measure This measure returns the Squared Hellinger distance between a pair of :class:`~.GaussianState` multivariate objects. The Squared Hellinger distance between two multivariate normal distributions :math:`P \sim N(\mu_1,\Sigma_1)` and :math:`Q \sim N(\mu_2,\Sigma_2)` is defined as: .. math:: H^{2}(P, Q) &= 1 - {\frac{\det(\Sigma_1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\det(\Sigma_2)^{\frac{1}{4}}} {\det\left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{8}(\mu_1-\mu_2)^T \left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{-1}(\mu_1-\mu_2)\right)\\ &\equiv 1 - \sqrt{\frac{\det(\Sigma_1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\det(\Sigma_2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} {\det\left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{8}(\mu_1-\mu_2)^T \left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{-1}(\mu_1-\mu_2)\right) Note ---- This distance is bounded between 0 and 1 """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Calculate the Squared Hellinger distance multivariate normal distributions Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.GaussianState` state2 : :class:`~.GaussianState` Returns ------- float Squared Hellinger distance between two input :class:`~.GaussianState` """ if hasattr(state1, 'mean'): state_vector1 = state1.mean else: state_vector1 = state1.state_vector if hasattr(state2, 'mean'): state_vector2 = state2.mean else: state_vector2 = state2.state_vector if self.mapping is not None: mu1 = state_vector1[self.mapping, :] mu2 = state_vector2[self.mapping2, :] # extract the mapped covariance data rows = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) columns = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) sigma1 = state1.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] sigma2 = state2.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] else: mu1 = state_vector1 mu2 = state_vector2 sigma1 = state1.covar sigma2 = state2.covar sigma1_plus_sigma2 = sigma1 + sigma2 mu1_minus_mu2 = mu1 - mu2 E = mu1_minus_mu2.T @ np.linalg.inv(sigma1_plus_sigma2/2) @ mu1_minus_mu2 epsilon = -0.125*E numerator = np.sqrt(np.linalg.det(sigma1 @ sigma2)) denominator = np.linalg.det(sigma1_plus_sigma2/2) squared_hellinger = 1 - np.sqrt(numerator/denominator)*np.exp(epsilon) squared_hellinger = squared_hellinger.item() if -1e-10 < squared_hellinger < 0.0: squared_hellinger = 0.0 elif squared_hellinger < 0.0: # pragma: no cover raise ValueError("Measure shouldn't be less than 0") # this should be impossible return squared_hellinger
[docs] class GaussianHellinger(SquaredGaussianHellinger): r"""Gaussian Hellinger distance measure This measure returns the Hellinger distance between a pair of :class:`~.GaussianState` multivariate objects. The Hellinger distance between two multivariate normal distributions :math:`P \sim N(\mu_1,\Sigma_1)` and :math:`Q \sim N(\mu_2,\Sigma_2)` is defined as: .. math:: H(P,Q) = \sqrt{1 - {\frac{\det(\Sigma_1)^{\frac{1}{4}}\det(\Sigma_2)^{\frac{1}{4}}} {\det\left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{8}(\mu_1-\mu_2)^T \left(\frac{\Sigma_1+\Sigma_2}{2}\right)^{-1}(\mu_1-\mu_2)\right)} Note ---- This distance is bounded between 0 and 1 """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Calculate the Hellinger distance between 2 state elements Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.GaussianState` state2 : :class:`~.GaussianState` Returns ------- float Hellinger distance between two input :class:`~.GaussianState` """ return np.sqrt(super().__call__(state1, state2))
[docs] class ObservationAccuracy(Measure): r"""Accuracy measure This measure evaluates the accuracy of a categorical distribution with respect to another."""
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): if isinstance(state1, State): s1 = state1.state_vector else: s1 = state1 if isinstance(state2, State): s2 = state2.state_vector else: s2 = state2 mins = [min(s1, s2) for s1, s2 in zip(s1, s2)] maxs = [max(s1, s2) for s1, s2 in zip(s1, s2)] return np.sum(mins)/np.sum(maxs)
[docs] class KLDivergence(Measure): r"""Kullback-Leibler divergence between two distributions Kullback-Leibler divergence, also referred to as relative entropy, is a statistical distance. It describes how a probability distribution is different from another. The expression for Kullback-Leibler divergence is given by [1]_ .. math:: D_{KL}(P\Vert Q) = \sum_x P(x)\log \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}, where :math:`P(x)` is the first distribution, or ``state1`` and :math:`Q(x)` is the second distribution or, ``state2``. It is worth noting that Kullback-Leibler divergence is not symmetric under interchange of :math:`P(x)` and :math:`Q(x)`. The implementation here uses natural log meaning the returned divergence has units in nats. This implementation assumes a discrete probability space and currently only accepts :class:`~.ParticleState`. References ---------- .. [1] MacKay, David J. C. 2003. Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms, 1st Ed. Cambridge University Press, """
[docs] def __call__(self, state1, state2): r""" Computes the Kullback–Leibler divergence from ``state1`` to ``state2`` Parameters ---------- state1 : :class:`~.ParticleState` state2 : :class:`~.ParticleState` Returns ------- float Kullback–Leibler divergence from ``state1`` to ``state2`` """ if isinstance(state1, ParticleState) and isinstance(state2, ParticleState): if len(state1) == len(state2): log_term = np.zeros(state1.log_weight.shape) invalid_indx = (np.isinf(state1.log_weight) | np.isnan(state1.log_weight) | np.isinf(state2.log_weight) | np.isnan(state2.log_weight)) # Do not consider NANs and inf in the subtraction log_term[~invalid_indx] = state1.log_weight[~invalid_indx] \ - state2.log_weight[~invalid_indx] kld = np.sum(np.exp(state1.log_weight)*log_term) else: raise ValueError(f'The input sizes are not compatible ' f'({len(state1)} != {len(state2)})') elif isinstance(state1, GaussianState) and isinstance(state2, GaussianState): state1 = copy.copy(state1) state2 = copy.copy(state2) if self.mapping is not None: state1.state_vector = state1.state_vector[self.mapping, :] state2.state_vector = state2.state_vector[self.mapping2, :] rows = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) columns = np.array(self.mapping, dtype=np.intp) state1.covar = state1.covar[rows[:, np.newaxis], columns] rows2 = np.array(self.mapping2, dtype=np.intp) columns2 = np.array(self.mapping2, dtype=np.intp) state2.covar = state2.covar[rows2[:, np.newaxis], columns2] if state1.ndim == state2.ndim: log_term = np.log(np.linalg.det(state2.covar) / np.linalg.det(state1.covar)) n_dims = state1.ndim inv_state2_covar = np.linalg.inv(state2.covar) trace_term = np.trace(inv_state2_covar@state1.covar) delta = (state2.state_vector - state1.state_vector).ravel() mahalanobis_term = np.dot(np.dot(delta, inv_state2_covar), delta) kld = 0.5*(log_term - n_dims + trace_term + mahalanobis_term) else: raise ValueError(f'The state dimensions are not compatible ' f'({state1.ndim} != {state2.ndim}') else: raise NotImplementedError('This measure is currently only compatible with ' 'ParticleState or GaussianState types') return kld